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Moss

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Mosses" redirects here. For the mountain pass, see Col des Mosses.

For other uses, see Moss (disambiguation).

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Moss

Temporal range: Carboniferous[1] – recent

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Haeckel Muscinae.jpg

"Muscinae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Bryophyta

Schimp. sensu stricto

Classes[2]

    Takakiopsida

    Sphagnopsida

    Andreaeopsida

    Andreaeobryopsida

    Oedipodiopsida

    Polytrichopsida

    Tetraphidopsida

    Bryopsida

Synonyms

    Musci L.

    Muscineae Bisch.

Mosses are flowerless plants belonging to the division Bryophyta. They are typically 1–10 cm (0.4–3.9 in) tall, though some species are much larger, like Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world which can grow to 50 cm (20 in) in height. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds or vascular tissue and their simple leaves cover the thin stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which are borne aloft on thin stalks.

There are approximately 12,000 species of moss classified in the Bryophyta.[2] The division Bryophyta formerly included not only mosses, but also liverworts and hornworts. These other two groups of bryophytes are now placed in their own divisions.

Contents

    1 Physical characteristics

        1.1 Description

        1.2 Life cycle

        1.3 Dwarf males

    2 Classification

    3 Geological history

    4 Habitat

    5 Cultivation

        5.1 Inhibiting moss growth

        5.2 Mossery

    6 Traditional uses

    7 Commercial use

    8 See also

    9 References

    10 External links

Physical characteristics

Description

Botanically, mosses are non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are small (a few centimeters tall) herbaceous (non-woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly through their leaves and harvest carbon dioxide and sunlight to create food by photosynthesis.[3][4] They differ from vascular plants in lacking water-bearing xylem tracheids or vessels. As in liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Mosses reproduce using spores, not seeds and have no flowers.

Moss gametophytes have stems which may be simple or branched and upright or prostrate. Their leaves are simple, usually only a single layer of cells with no internal air spaces, often with thicker midribs. They do not have proper roots, but have threadlike rhizoids that anchor them to their substrate. Mosses do not absorb water or nutrients from their substrate through their rhizoids. They can be distinguished from liverworts (Marchantiophyta or Hepaticae) by their multi-cellular rhizoids. Spore-bearing capsules or sporangia of mosses are borne singly on long, unbranched stems, thereby distinguishing them from the polysporangiophytes, which include all vascular plants. The spore-bearing sporophytes (i.e. the diploid multicellular generation) are short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte for water supply and nutrition. Also, in most mosses, the spore-bearing capsule enlarges and matures after its stalk elongates, while in liverworts the capsule enlarges and matures before its stalk elongates.[4] Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the presence of clearly differentiated stem with simple-shaped, ribbed leaves, without deeply lobed or segmented leaves and not arranged in three ranks, all point to the plant being a moss.

Life cycle

Mosses are